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    August 28

    TB是什么意思?

    计算机:

    bit:比特
    byte:拜特(字节)
    k:千
    1字节=8比特

    KB:千字节
    Kb:千比特
    MB:兆字节
    Mb:兆比特
    GB:千兆字节
    Gb:千兆比特
    TB:。。。
    Tb:。。。

    1TB=1024G
    已经是相当大的容量了

    目前好像最大的单位是EB
    1EB=1024PB
    1PB=1024TB
    1TB=1024GB
    1GB=1024MB
    1MB=1024KB
    1KB=1024B

    但是:EB还不是最大的```最大的是牛b ( NB )
     

    August 27

    XP如何安装 windows media player 11

    首先,新建个文本文件,输入下面这些:(直接复制到记事本就行)

    ON ERROR RESUME NEXT

    Dim VOL_PROD_KEY
    if Wscript.arguments.count<1 then
    VOL_PROD_KEY=InputBox("Powered By www.cnbeta.com"&vbCr&vbCr&" 本程序将自动替换你当前 Windows 的序列号,通过微软验证完全正版。"&vbCr&vbCr&"序列号(OEM版无效,默认版本为 XP VLK):","Windows XP序列号自动更换器","MRX3F-47B9T-2487J-KWKMF-RPWBY")
    if VOL_PROD_KEY="" then
    Wscript.quit
    end if
    else
    VOL_PROD_KEY = Wscript.arguments.Item(0)
    end if

    VOL_PROD_KEY = Replace(VOL_PROD_KEY,"-","") 'remove hyphens if any

    for each Obj in GetObject("winmgmts:{impersonationLevel=impersonate}").InstancesOf ("win32_WindowsProductActivation")

    result = Obj.SetProductKey (VOL_PROD_KEY)

    if err = 0 then
    Wscript.echo "OK!去微软验证吧!"
    end if

    if err <> 0 then
    Wscript.echo "替换失败!输入的 CD-KEY 与当前的版本不匹配。"
    Err.Clear
    end if

    Next

    然后将以上文本保存为key.vbs 双击执行即可 通过XP验证顺利安装 windows media player 11

     
    August 24

    Content Delivery Network (CDN)

    Content Delivery Network (CDN) is a term coined in the late 1990s to describe a system of computers networked together across the Internet that cooperate transparently to deliver content (especially large media content) to end users. The first web content based CDN's were Sandpiper and Skycache followed by Akamai and Digital Island. The first video based CDN was iBEAM Broadcasting [citation needed].
    CDN nodes are deployed in multiple locations, often over multiple backbones. These nodes cooperate with each other to satisfy requests for content by end users, transparently moving content behind the scenes to optimize the delivery process. Optimization can take the form of reducing bandwidth costs, improving end-user performance, or both.
    The number of nodes and servers making up a CDN varies, depending on the architecture, some reaching thousands of nodes with tens of thousands of servers.
    Requests for content are intelligently directed to nodes that are optimal in some way. When optimizing for performance, locations that can serve content quickly to the user may be chosen. This may be measured by choosing locations that are the fewest hops or fewest number of network seconds away from the requestor, so as to optimize delivery across local networks. When optimizing for cost, locations that are less expensive to serve from may be chosen instead. Often these two goals tend to align, as servers that are close to the end user sometimes have an advantage in serving costs, perhaps because they are located within the same network as the end user.

    Co DeeN [132.239.17.225: 3128]

    CoDeeN is an academic testbed Content Distribution Network (CDN) built on top of PlanetLab by the Network Systems Group at Princeton University. This testbed CDN consists of a network of high-performance proxy servers. Currently, proxy servers have been deployed on many PlanetLab nodes. These proxy servers behave both as  request redirectors  and server surrogates. They cooperate with each other and collectively provide a fast and robust web content delivery service to CoDeeN  users. A number of projects are related to CoDeeN, including the following:

        * CoBlitz, a scalable Web-based distribution service for large files.
        * CoDeploy, an efficient synchronization tool for PlanetLab slices.
        * CoDNS, a fast and reliable name lookup service.
        * CoTop, a command-line activity monitoring tool for PlanetLab.
        * CoMon, a Web-based general node/slice monitor that monitors most PlanetLab nodes.
        * CoTest, a login debugging tool that tries to be human-friendly.
        * CoViz, a visualization tool graphically displaying PlanetLab activity.

     Content Networking Techniques
    The Internet was designed according to the end-to-end principle [1]. This principle keeps the core network relatively simple and moves the intelligence as much as possible to the network end-points: the hosts and clients. As a result the core network is specialized, simplified, and optimized to only forward data packets. Content Delivery Networks augment the end-to end transport network by distributing on it a variety of intelligent applications employing techniques designed to optimize content delivery. The resulting tightly integrated overlay uses web caching, server-load balancing, request routing, and content services[2]. These techniques are briefly described below.
    Because closer is better, web caches store popular content closer to the user. These shared network appliances reduce bandwidth requirements, reduce server load, and improve the client response times for content stored in the cache.
    Server-load balancing uses one or more layer 4–7 switches, also known as a web switch, content switch, or multilayer switch to share traffic among a number of servers or web caches. Here the switch is assigned a single virtual IP address. Traffic arriving at the switch is then directed to one of the real web servers attached to the switch. This has the advantages of balancing load, increasing total capacity, improving scalability, and providing increased reliability by redistributing the load of a failed web server and providing server health checks.
    A content cluster or service node can be formed using a layer 4–7 switch to balance load across a number of servers or a number of web caches within the network.
    Request routing directs client requests to the content source best able to serve the request. This may involve directing a client request to the service node that is closest to the client, or to the one with the most capacity. A variety of algorithms are used to route the request. These include Global Server Load Balancing, DNS-based request routing, HTML rewriting[3], and anycasting[4]. Proximity—choosing the closest service node—is estimated using a variety of techniques including reactive probing, proactive probing, and connection monitoring.
    Service providers increasingly provide value-added services beyond basic data transport. Features such as virus scanning and parental control are being offered, hoping to increase service attractiveness, user loyalty, revenue, and profit. Web caches and service nodes distributed throughout the content delivery network provide convenient dispatch points for connecting to enhanced services. This handing messages off for further processing is sometimes called vectoring of messages.
    Two protocols suites are designed to provide access to a wide variety of content services distributed throughout a content network. The Internet Content Adaptation Protocol (ICAP) was developed in the late 1990’s[5] [6] to provide an open standard for connecting application servers. A more recently defined and robust solution is provided by the Open Pluggable Edge Services (OPES) protocol[7]. This architecture defines OPES service applications that can reside on the OPES processor itself or be executed remotely on a Callout Server.
    August 18

    3G defination

    3G

    Defination - 

    3G refers to the third generation of developments in wireless technology, especially mobile communications. The third generation, as its name suggests, follows the first generation (1G) and second generation (2G) in wireless communications.

    1G
    The 1G period began in the late 1970s and lasted through the 1980s. These systems featured the first true mobile phone systems, known at first as "cellular mobile radio telephone." These networks used analog voice signaling, and were little more sophisticated than the repeater networks used by amateur radio operators.

    2G
    The 2G phase began in the 1990s and much of this technology is still in use. The 2G cell phone features digital voice encoding. Examples include CDMA and GSM. Since its inception, 2G technology has steadily improved, with increased bandwidth, packet routing, and the introduction of multimedia.

    3G includes capabilities and features such as:

    • Enhanced multimedia (voice, data, video, and remote control).
    • Usability on all popular modes (cellular telephone, e-mail, paging, fax, videoconferencing, and Web browsing).
    • Broad bandwidth and high speed (upwards of 2 Mbps).
    • Roaming capability throughout Europe, Japan, and North America.

    While 3G is generally considered applicable mainly to mobile wireless, it is also relevant to fixed wireless and portable wireless. A 3G system should be operational from any location on, or over, the earth's surface, including use in homes, businesses, government offices, medical establishments, the military, personal and commercial land vehicles, private and commercial watercraft and marine craft, private and commercial aircraft (except where passenger use restrictions apply), portable (pedestrians, hikers, cyclists, campers), and space stations and spacecraft.

    3G offers the potential to keep people connected at all times and in all places. Researchers, engineers, and marketers are faced with the challenge of accurately predicting how much technology consumers will actually be willing to pay for. Another challenge faced by 3G services is competition from other high-speed wireless technologies, especially mobile WiMAX, and ability to roam between different kinds of wireless networks.

    The current status of mobile wireless communications, as of July 2007, is a mix of 2nd and 3rd generation technologies.

    Resources:

    August 04

    视频格式讲解

    流行视频格式讲解

    *. MPEG/.MPG/.DAT

    MPEG也是Motion Picture Experts Group 的缩写。这类格式包括了 MPEG-1, MPEG-2 和 MPEG-4在内的多种视频格式。MPEG-1相信是大家接触得最多的了,因为目前其正在被广泛地应用在 VCD 的制作和一些视频片段下载的网络应用上面,大部分的 VCD 都是用 MPEG1 格式压缩的 ( 刻录软件自动将MPEG1转为 .DAT格式 ) ,使用 MPEG-1 的压缩算法,可以把一部 120 分钟长的电影压缩到 1.2 GB 左右大小。MPEG-2 则是应用在 DVD 的制作,同时在一些 HDTV(高清晰电视广播)和一些高要求视频编辑、处理上面也有相当多的应用。使用 MPEG-2 的压缩算法压缩一部 120 分钟长的电影可以压缩到 5-8 GB 的大小(MPEG2的图像质量MPEG-1 与其无法比拟的)。

    *.AVI

    AVI,音频视频交错(Audio Video Interleaved)的英文缩写。AVI这个由微软公司发表的视频格式在视频领域已经存在好几个年头了。AVI格式调用方便、图像质量好,但缺点就是文件体积过于庞大

    *.RA/RM/RAM

    *.RM, Real Networks公司所制定的音频/视频压缩规范Real Media中的一种,Real Player能做的就是利用Internet资源对这些符合Real Media技术规范的音频/视频进行实况转播。在Real Media规范中主要包括三类文件:RealAudio、Real Video和Real Flash (Real Networks公司与Macromedia公司合作推出的新一代高压缩比动画格式)。REAL VIDEO (RA、RAM)格式由一开始就是定位就是在视频流应用方面的,也可以说是视频流技术的始创者。它可以在用 56K MODEM 拨号上网的条件实现不间断的视频播放,可是其图像质量比VCD差些,如果您看过那些RM压缩的影碟就可以明显对比出来了。

    *.MOV

    使用过Mac机的朋友应该多少接触过QuickTime。QuickTime原本是Apple公司用于Mac计算机上的一种图像视频处理软件。Quick-Time提供了两种标准图像和数字视频格式 , 即可以支持静态的*.PIC和*.JPG图像格式,动态的基于Indeo压缩法的*.MOV和基于MPEG压缩法的*.MPG视频格式。

    *.ASF

    ASF (Advanced Streaming format高级流格式)。ASF 是 MICROSOFT 为了和现在的 Real player 竞争而发展出来的一种可以直接在网上观看视频节目的文件压缩格式。ASF使用了 MPEG4 的压缩算法,压缩率和图像的质量都很不错。因为 ASF 是以一个可以在网上即时观赏的视频“流”格式存在的,所以它的图像质量比 VCD 差一点点并不出奇,但比同是视频“流”格式的 RAM 格式要好。

    *.WMV

    一种独立于编码方式的在Internet上实时传播多媒体的技术标准,Microsoft公司希望用其取代QuickTime之类的技术标准以及WAV、AVI之类的文件扩展名。WMV的主要优点在于:可扩充的媒体类型、本地或网络回放、可伸缩的媒体类型、流的优先级化、多语言支持、扩展性等。

    *. AVI(n AVI)

    如果你发现原来的播放软件突然打不开此类格式的AVI文件,那你就要考虑是不是碰到了n AVI。n AVI是 New AVI 的缩写,是一个名为 Shadow Realm 的地下组织发展起来的一种新视频格式。它是由Microsoft ASF 压缩算法的修改而来的(并不是想象中的 AVI),视频格式追求的无非是压缩率和图像质量,所以 NAVI 为了追求这个目标,改善了原始的 ASF 格式的一些不足,让 NAVI 可以拥有更高的帧率。可以这样说,NAVI 是一种去掉视频流特性的改良型 ASF 格式。


    了解视频编码

    在使用豪杰视频通的“转为MPEG4”功能时,有一项“视频设置”栏目,您可能对上面罗列出的各种视频编码不是太明白,以下是其中部分编码的简略说明,相信对您选择合适的编码进行转换有所帮助。

    常见的视频编码:
    1、Microsoft RLE
    一种8位的编码方式,只能支持到256色。压缩动画或者是计算机合成的图像等具有大面积色块的素材可以使用它来编码,是一种无损压缩方案。

    2、Microsoft Video 1
    用于对模拟视频进行压缩,是一种有损压缩方案,最高仅达到256色,它的品质就可想而知,一般还是不要使用它来编码AVI。

    3、Microsoft H.261和H.263 Video Codec
    用于视频会议的Codec,其中H.261适用于ISDN、DDN线路,H.263适用于局域网,不过一般机器上这种Codec是用来播放的,不能用于编码。

    4、Intel Indeo Video R3.2
    所有的Windows版本都能用Indeo video 3.2播放AVI编码。它压缩率比Cinepak大,但需要回放的计算机要比Cinepak的快。

    5、Intel Indeo Video 4和5

    常见的有4.5和5.10两种,质量比Cinepak和R3.2要好,可以适应不同带宽的网络,但必须有相应的解码插件才能顺利地将下载作品进行播放。适合于装了Intel公司MMX以上CPU的机器,回放效果优秀。如果一定要用AVI的话,推荐使用5.10,在效果几乎一样的情况下,它有更快的编码速度和更高的压缩比。

    6、Intel IYUV Codec

    使用该方法所得图像质量极好,因为此方式是将普通的RGB色彩模式变为更加紧凑的YUV色彩模式。如果你想将AVI压缩成MPEG-1的话,用它得到的效果比较理想,只是它的生成的文件太大了

    7、Microsoft MPEG-4 Video codec

    常见的有1.0、2.0、3.0三种版本,当然是基于MPEG-4技术的,其中3.0并不能用于AVI的编码,只能用于生成支持“视频流”技术的ASF文件。

    8、DivX-MPEG-4 Low-Motion/Fast-Motion

    实际与Microsoft MPEG-4 Video code是相当的东西,只是Low-Motion采用的固定码率,Fast-Motion采用的是动态码率,后者压缩成的AVI几乎只是前者的一半大,但质量要差一些。Low-Motion适用于转换DVD以保证较好的画质,Fast-Motion用于转换VCD以体现MPEG-4短小精悍的优势。

    9 、DivX 3.11/4.12/5.0

    实际上就是DivX,原来DivX是为了打破Microsoft的ASF规格而开发的,现在开发组摇身一变成了Divxnetworks公司,所以不断推出新的版本,最大的特点就是在编码程序中加入了1-pass和2-pass的设置,2-pass相当于两次编码,以最大限度地在网络带宽与视觉效果中取得平衡。


    浅谈视频格式转换

    目前我们经常见的视频格式无非就是两大类:
    1、影像格式(Video)
    2、流媒体格式(Stream Video)

    在影像格式中还可以根据出处划分为三大种:
    1、AVI格式:这是由微软(Microsoft)提出,具有“悠久历史”的一种视频格式
    2、MOV格式:这是由苹果(Apple)公司提出的一种视频格式
    3、MPEG/MPG/DAT:这是由国际标准化组织ISO(International Standards Organization)与IEC(International Electronic Committee)联合开发的一种编码视频格式。MPEG是运动图像压缩算法的国际标准,现已被几乎所有的计算机平台共同支持。

    在流媒体格式中同样还可以划分为三种:
    1、RM格式:这是由Real Networks公司开发的一种新型流式视频文件格式。
    2、MOV格式:MOV也可以作为一种流文件格式。QuickTime能够通过Internet提供实时的数字化信息流、工作流与文件回放功能,为了适应这一网络多媒体应用,QuickTime为多种流行的浏览器软件提供了相应的QuickTime Viewer插件(Plug-in),能够在浏览器中实现多媒体数据的实时回放。
    3、ASF格式:这是由微软公司开发的流媒体格式,是一个在Internet上实时传播多媒体的技术标准。